起垄沟播和常规平播下滴灌棉田土壤水盐的运移

为明确滴灌条件下植棉方式对土壤水盐运移的影响，采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法，在滨海重度盐碱地开展了起垄沟播和常规平播植棉方式下的水盐运移试验，调查了滴灌前后两种植棉方式不同点位及不同土壤深度的土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率等指标，分析不同植棉方式土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率的时空分布特征。结果表明：滴灌条件下起垄沟播的水分入渗深度和盐分淋洗深度均明显大于常规平播植棉方式，起垄沟播植棉膜下(0~20 cm)土壤溶液电导率明显低于常规平播植棉；滴灌对两种种植方式膜外土壤水分和盐分运移未产生明显影响。起垄沟播联合滴灌技术更有利于为棉花生长的水盐环境。研究结果可为盐碱地植棉提供理论参考和实践依据。     

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

拔节后补灌对不同穗型冬小麦耗水和籽粒产量的影响

为探究拔节期和开花期不同补灌方案对不同穗型冬小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响，于2017-2019年在山东省泰安市以大穗型品种山农23和中多穗型品种山农29为试验材料，以拔节后无灌水(T1)为对照，设置拔节期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T2)、拔节期和开花期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T3)和拔节期补灌目标为0~40 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T4) 3种补灌方案。结果表明，拔节后不同补灌方案对大穗型和多穗型小麦品种影响基本一致。与T1处理相比，T4处理显著提高了0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率，使60~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率在开花期仍保持较高水平；T3处理显著提高了拔节期0～60 cm和开花期0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水率。与T3处理相比，T4处理的拔节至开花阶段耗水量增加了28.9%，其中对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了66.4%；T4处理在开花至成熟阶段对深层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了68.0%，对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量降低了37.4%。在开花至成熟期降水较多(121.2 mm)的年份，T4处理的开花至成熟阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率和籽粒产量相对于T3处理均无显著变化，但总耗水量较高，水分利用效率显著降低；在开花至成熟期降水较少(45.2 mm)的年份，T4处理的开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率较T3处理均显著降低。因此，在小麦全生育期降水量为111.6~220.2 mm、开花后降水量为45.2~121.2 mm的条件下，大穗型和中多穗型小麦品种均以在拔节期和开花期将0~20 cm土层补灌至100%田间持水率的补灌方案最优，可同时实现高产和高水分利用效率。     

微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄产量的影响

为探明微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤水盐分布及加工番茄生长和产量的影响,通过大田小区试验,设置灌水矿化度和灌水定额两个因素,其中3个灌溉水矿化度水平分别为S1:1 g·L~(-1)、S2:3 g·L~(-1)和S3:5 g·L~(-1),3个灌水定额分别为W1:305 m~3·hm~(-2)、W2:458 m~3·hm~(-2)和W3:611 m~3·hm~(-2),来进一步寻求适宜本地区加工番茄生长的微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明:覆膜微咸水滴灌条件下土壤含水量垂直方向的变化趋势表现为0～20 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐降低、20～100 cm土层随深度增加含水量逐渐增大、60～100 cm范围内土层剖面含水量最大的分布规律;土壤含盐量随着灌水矿化度的增大而增加,且随着灌水量的增加土壤盐分逐渐向水平距滴灌带35 cm处聚集。灌水矿化度超过3 g·L~(-1)时加工番茄株高、茎粗均受到一定程度的抑制作用,但对产量影响不大。本文通过试验得出:灌水定额为611 m~3·hm~(-2)、矿化度为1 g·L~(-1)处理为本地区最佳微咸水膜下滴灌处理,加工番茄生长健壮且产量最高,达到127 613.2 kg·hm~(-2);同时认为,在我国淡水资源比较缺乏的新疆地区可以考虑采用灌水定额458 m~3·hm~(-2)和灌水矿化度3～5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水对盐分中等敏感的加工番茄进行灌溉。     

吉林省西部地区滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种筛选

确定宜机械粒收的玉米品种是构建吉林省西部旱作补灌区玉米丰产增效技术模式的重要内容之一。2018年和2019年在吉林省西部地区开展滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种的筛选试验,测定38个玉米品种的收获子粒含水率和产量,并按玉米子粒含水率和产量水平采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类。结果表明,本研究初步筛选出5个滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种,分别是迪卡159、福莱77,稷秾108、吉农大889和优迪919。根据品种综合性状分析,吉农大889较优,其次为迪卡159,可以作为适宜吉林省西部滴灌条件下丰产高效栽培的推荐品种。     

河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿施肥效应及其基于数据包络分析法的经济效益研究

为科学准确地评判河西走廊苜蓿主产区紫花苜蓿饲草生产中施肥措施对其产品质量及生产收益的影响,本研究以“甘农3号”紫花苜蓿为材料,通过2016、2017年2年田间试验,以该区域紫花苜蓿饲草生产的平衡施肥推荐方案(N 103.5 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 105 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 90 kg·hm^-2)为对照,探讨了不施肥及3种不完全施肥(缺氮偏施、缺磷偏施、缺钾偏施)处理下紫花苜蓿的生产性能,并采用数据包络分析法(DEA)对其经济效益进行分析。结果表明:与不施肥相比,施肥措施各处理均显著提高紫花苜蓿产量、蛋白总量,降低其酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维,提高了相对饲用价值,从而改善了紫花苜蓿品质,并有效增加了经济效益;与氮、磷、钾平衡施肥相比,各偏肥处理的紫花苜蓿产量和品质均显著低于平衡施肥,尤以缺磷偏施的降幅最大,2016、2017年2年的产量和蛋白总量降幅分别达到25.9%、25.7%和33.4%、33.1%。因此,磷是河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿饲草生产的养分限制因子,氮、磷、钾对该地区紫花苜蓿生产性能影响顺序为:磷>氮>钾。运用数据包络分析法(DEA)分析出河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿的施肥效应为氮、磷、钾平衡施肥的经济效益最优,为DEA有效;不完全施肥的3个评价单元及不施肥评价单元为DEA无效,其中,不施肥经济效益最低,3个不完全施肥评价单元中的缺磷偏肥的紫花苜蓿经济效益比缺氮偏肥和缺钾偏肥更低;另外还以DEA模型推算出不同施肥措施下紫花苜蓿饲草生产经济效益改进的具体方案,其中,不施肥的紫花苜蓿饲草生产需调整的幅度最大,调整额度达10678.88 CNY·hm^-2,各施肥措施需调整的幅度排序为:不施肥>缺磷偏施>缺氮偏施>缺钾偏施。     

基于GIS和迈阿密模型的全球灌溉需水量计算

通过计算光温生产潜力、气候生产潜力、光温潜力需水量、灌溉需水量以及衍生的可持续垦殖率指标，以解决农业生产潜力、农田熟制、灌溉定额、宜农荒地垦殖适宜性评价等农业发展问题。以迈阿密模型为理论基础，利用GIS空间分析的研究方法，计算出了上述指标的高精度全球分布场，得出全球光温生产潜力为2 260×10⁸ t干物质，气候生产潜力为1 253×10⁸ t干物质，灌溉需水量总计为12 441 km³。主要结论有：热带雨林区除外，全球气候生产潜力高值区同当前农业区高度吻合，表明农田气候潜力已经被人类充分利用；在温带地区，可持续覆膜雨养垦殖率＞2/3的地区适宜开垦宜农荒地，发展雨养农业。根据迈阿密模型计算得出的灌溉需水量可作为制定农田喷灌定额的重要依据；覆膜滴灌节水效果最佳，可持续覆膜滴灌垦殖率为各种垦殖率中最大值，可作为指导宜农荒地资源开发和多熟制农业发展的主要指标。     

基于AquaCrop模型的夏玉米生长模拟及灌溉制度优化

为评价AquaCrop模型在关中地区的适用性并寻求最佳的灌溉制度，对夏玉米在不同灌溉与施氮水平下的生长进行模拟和验证，并利用校验后的模型研究了3种不同降雨年型以及11种灌溉模式下夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化特征。结果表明：AquaCrop模型可以较好地模拟关中地区不同灌溉与施氮水平下夏玉米产量和生物量，模型模拟的产量与实测值之间的决定系数（R²）、均方根误差（RMSE）、标准均方根误差（NRMSE）、符合度指数（d）和纳什效率系数（E_NS）分别为0.919、0.249 t·hm^-2、4.112、0.977和0.915；对于地上部生物量，模拟值与实测值的R²、RMSE、NRMSE、d和E_NS分别为0.860、0.977 t·hm^-2、6.407、0.933和0.694。利用校验后的模型分析了试验区内3种不同降水年型条件下11种灌溉模式的夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化特征，依据模拟结果及夏玉米生理需水规律，同时为了实现高产和高水分利用效率，得出不同年型的优化灌溉制度为：若能保证出苗整齐，湿润年可不灌水，此时也能获得较高产量和水分利用效率；平水年推荐在拔节期灌水60 mm，能节约50%水资源，亦能保证稳产；干旱年推荐在拔节期和抽雄期各灌水60 mm，可获得高产和高水分利用效率。     

控灌改良对黄河三角洲盐碱地玉米生长与产量的影响研究

本文以黄河三角洲盐碱地玉米为研究对象,利用黄河泥沙对盐碱地进行改良试验,分析不同黄河泥沙施用量和不同灌水量水平对玉米株高、叶面积、干物质量和产量的影响,探讨适宜的泥沙施用量和灌水量。结果表明：玉米的生长和产量都随着泥沙施用量和灌水量的增加而增大,泥沙施用量均大于灌水量对其的影响。株高、叶面积指数、干物质量产量均在在泥沙施用量为6cm,灌水量为150mm处理最大,干物质积累量在成熟期最大为20460kg/hm_²；夏玉米产量最大为11220kg/hm_²。